RESUMO
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é levantar as características demográficas dos prefeitos eleitos, enfatizando os candidatos que se declaram empresários, e analisar se esse perfil tem melhores resultados quanto ao desempenho, medidos com base na situação fiscal e no Índice de Educação Básica (IDEB) do município. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, por meio de regressão logística, buscou-se encontrar o perfil do candidato eleito, centrando-se no fato de ele ser empresário. Na segunda seção do artigo, com o emprego da metodologia de regressão multinível, foi analisado se tal perfil escolhido pelos eleitores era responsável por um desempenho superior. Com relação aos resultados, apesar de os empresários constituírem a maioria entre os candidatos, essa característica não foi significativa para o sucesso eleitoral. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, de modo geral os resultados não encontraram correlação entre o perfil dos eleitos e o desempenho da gestão municipal. Somente a idade do prefeito foi significativa na questão fiscal dos municípios. Dessa forma, os empresários não apresentam resultados diferentes da média, o que permite pressupor que esse grupo não tem melhores habilidades e julgamentos.
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es sondear las características demográficas de los alcaldes electos elegidos, con énfasis en los candidatos que se declaran emprendedores, y analizar si este perfil tiene mejores resultados de desempeño, medido por la situación fiscal del municipio y el puntaje del IDEB (Índice de Desarrollo de la Educación Básica). Para ello, el trabajo se dividió en dos partes. En la primera, mediante regresión logística, se buscó encontrar el perfil del candidato elegido. En la segunda parte del artículo se analizó si el perfil elegido por los votantes era responsable de un desempeño superior. La metodología utilizada fue la de regresión multinivel. En cuanto a los resultados, a pesar de que los empresarios fueron mayoría entre los candidatos, esta característica no fue significativa para explicar el éxito electoral. En general, en la segunda parte de la investigación, los resultados no demostraron correlación entre el perfil de los elegidos y el desempeño de la gestión municipal. Solo la edad del alcalde fue significativa para explicar el tema fiscal de los municipios. De esta forma, los emprendedores no presentan resultados diferentes a la media, lo que nos permite concluir que este grupo no tiene mejores habilidades y juicios. Entre las limitaciones de este trabajo, está la cuestión de que la variable "emprendedor" haya sido declarada libremente por los candidatos.
Abstract This study analyzes the demographic characteristics of elected mayors in Brazil, emphasizing those who are business owners. The research observes whether mayors with a background as business owners obtain better performance in office, which is evaluated through the municipality's fiscal situation and the IDEB (basic education development index) score. The research was conducted in two parts. The first part used logistic regression and sought to identify the profile of elected mayors. The second part analyzed whether mayors who were business owners obtained a superior performance using the multilevel regression model. The study observed that the majority of mayors had a background as business owners, but this characteristic was not significant to explain electoral success. The results of the second part did not find a correlation between mayors who are business owners and their performance. The only demographic characteristic relevant to explain differences in municipalities' fiscal results was the mayor's age. Therefore, mayors who were business owners did not present results different from those who have other backgrounds, which allows us to assume that this group does not have better skills and judgments. One of the limitations of this study is that the characteristic of being a business owner was obtained by self-declaration.
Assuntos
Cidades , Poder Executivo , Eficiência , Governo LocalRESUMO
An opportunity represents an advantageous combination of circumstances that allows goals to be achieved. We reviewed the nature of opportunity and how it manifests in different subsystems (e.g., biophysical, social, political, economic) as conceptualized in other bodies of literature, including behavior, adoption, entrepreneur, public policy, and resilience literature. We then developed a multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity. We identified 3 types of conservation opportunity: potential, actors remove barriers to problem solving by identifying the capabilities within the system that can be manipulated to create support for conservation action; traction, actors identify windows of opportunity that arise from exogenous shocks, events, or changes that remove barriers to solving problems; and existing, everything is in place for conservation action (i.e., no barriers exist) and an actor takes advantage of the existing circumstances to solve problems. Different leverage points characterize each type of opportunity. Thus, unique stages of opportunity identification or creation and exploitation exist: characterizing the system and defining problems; identifying potential solutions; assessing the feasibility of solutions; identifying or creating opportunities; and taking advantage of opportunities. These stages can be undertaken independently or as part of a situational analysis and typically comprise the first stage, but they can also be conducted iteratively throughout a conservation planning process. Four types of entrepreneur can be identified (business, policy, social, and conservation), each possessing attributes that enable them to identify or create opportunities and take advantage of them. We examined how different types of conservation opportunity manifest in a social-ecological system (the Great Barrier Reef) and how they can be taken advantage of. Our multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity strengthens and legitimizes the concept.
